Lesson 5: Reasons for Immigration to Canada 

Grade Level: 8
Objective: By the end of this lesson, students will be able to explain why people from different parts of the world choose to immigrate to Canada.

Types of Immigration

There are several different types of immigration that bring people to Canada:

1. Economic Immigration

Economic immigrants move to Canada primarily for job opportunities, better wages, or access to education. These immigrants are selected based on skills, qualifications, and the ability to contribute to the Canadian economy. The most common pathway for economic immigrants is through the Express Entry system, which ranks applicants based on factors such as language ability, education, work experience, and age. Skilled workers in healthcare, technology, and engineering are in high demand in Canada.

In addition to skilled workers, there are also programs for entrepreneurs and investors who contribute to Canada’s economy by starting businesses or investing in industries that create jobs for Canadians. These economic programs are crucial for the development of Canada’s growing economy, especially in sectors like healthcare, technology, and engineering.

2. Family Reunification

Family reunification allows immigrants to join their relatives who are already living in Canada. Under this program, Canadian citizens and permanent residents can sponsor close family members to immigrate. Family sponsorship includes spouses, children, parents, and grandparents. This category of immigration is important because it strengthens family bonds and allows for the support system that families provide to one another. Family members play a key role in helping newcomers adjust to life in Canada.

Canada’s family reunification policy is considered one of the most compassionate immigration streams, as it prioritizes keeping families together. The government sets yearly quotas on how many people can be sponsored, and there are specific requirements that sponsors must meet, such as financial stability.

3. Refugee and Humanitarian Immigration

Canada has a long history of accepting refugees—people who are forced to flee their home countries due to war, persecution, or violence. Canada’s refugee programs offer protection to these individuals, providing them with a safe place to live and start anew. Syrian refugees, for example, were welcomed in large numbers starting in 2015, following the Syrian Civil War. Refugees are either government-sponsored or privately sponsored by Canadian citizens, and both forms of support help refugees integrate into Canadian society.

Canada has gained a reputation as a global leader in refugee resettlement, working closely with international organizations like the United Nations to identify those most in need. Refugees enrich Canadian society by bringing diverse perspectives and experiences.

4. Temporary Immigration

Not all immigrants come to Canada to stay permanently. Many people arrive as temporary workers, students, or visitors. Temporary immigration allows individuals to work or study for a period of time, with some having the option to apply for permanent residency later. For example, many international students come to Canada to study at universities, and upon graduation, they can apply for work permits or permanent residency through programs like the Post-Graduate Work Permit.

Temporary foreign workers, especially in industries like agriculture and hospitality, contribute significantly to Canada’s economy. These workers often fill labor shortages in sectors that are essential for Canada’s development.

Push and Pull Factors for Immigration 

People immigrate to other countries because of push and pull factors. Push factors are the reasons why people leave their home countries, and pull factors are the reasons why they choose a specific new country like Canada.

Push Factors

Push factors are typically negative conditions in a person’s home country that make it difficult or dangerous to live there. These can include:

1. Economic Hardship
   In many parts of the world, people experience poverty, unemployment, or low wages. These economic challenges push people to look for better opportunities elsewhere. For example, countries with struggling economies, such as some nations in Africa and Latin America, may have high rates of emigration because people seek to escape poverty and find jobs that offer a better standard of living.

2. Political Instability
   Countries suffering from war, dictatorship, or corruption can make life unbearable for their citizens. Political instability often leads people to flee their countries in search of safety and freedom. Recent examples include people fleeing war-torn countries like Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Civil wars, violent regimes, and government persecution push people to seek refuge in countries where they can live in peace.

3. Natural Disasters
   Some people are forced to leave their homes because of natural disasters like floods, droughts, and earthquakes. Climate change is making certain areas of the world uninhabitable due to rising sea levels, desertification, and more frequent extreme weather events. As a result, more people are being displaced from their homes, leading to environmental migration. For instance, people from small island nations are increasingly moving to other countries as their homelands face the threat of submergence due to rising sea levels.

Pull Factors

Pull factors are the positive reasons why people are attracted to countries like Canada. These can include:

1. Economic Opportunities
   Canada’s strong economy offers a range of job opportunities and a higher standard of living compared to many other countries. Immigrants can find work in industries like healthcare, technology, construction, and education. Canada also has one of the highest rates of education in the world, making it an appealing destination for students and skilled workers looking to advance their careers.

2. Political Stability and Freedom
   Canada is known for its stable government, human rights protections, and democratic system. Immigrants are attracted to the safety, peace, and freedom that Canada offers. Canada’s history of protecting the rights of its citizens, along with its emphasis on democracy, makes it a top destination for people from countries facing political turmoil.

3. Social Services
   Canada has a robust healthcare system, free public education, and a wide range of social services. These benefits make it an appealing destination for people looking for a better quality of life. Universal healthcare, in particular, is a significant draw for immigrants, as it ensures that they and their families will have access to medical care regardless of their financial situation.

4. Multiculturalism and Inclusivity
   Canada prides itself on being a multicultural society, where people of different backgrounds can live together and celebrate their heritage. The Canadian government actively promotes inclusivity and diversity, making immigrants feel welcome. Canada was one of the first countries to adopt an official policy of multiculturalism in 1971, and today, it is seen as a model for how different cultures can coexist peacefully.

Immigrants are also drawn to Canada because of its commitment to religious freedom and the rights of minorities. In Canadian cities, people can see the presence of many cultures through restaurants, festivals, languages, and religious practices.

Historical Waves of Immigration to Canada

Canada’s history of immigration can be divided into several key periods, each bringing new groups of people to the country.

1. Indigenous Peoples and Early Settlers

Before the arrival of European settlers, Canada was home to many Indigenous groups who had been living on the land for thousands of years. These peoples, including the Cree, Inuit, and Haudenosaunee, had rich cultures and social systems that were disrupted by the arrival of Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries. The early European settlers, primarily from France and Britain, came to Canada seeking new trade routes and economic opportunities. The French established settlements in what is now Quebec, while the British settled in regions such as Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.

The arrival of settlers drastically changed the landscape of what is now Canada. Colonization led to significant conflict with Indigenous peoples, whose land and way of life were disrupted.

2. European Immigration

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Canada saw a large influx of European immigrants, particularly from France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Germany. These immigrants played a key role in building Canada’s early infrastructure, such as railways, roads, and farms. Irish immigrants, many of whom arrived during the Great Famine of the 1840s, contributed to the growing populations in cities like Toronto and Montreal.

European settlers also established the foundations for Canada's political systems. For example, British settlers brought with them parliamentary democracy, which continues to be central to Canada’s government today. The impact of European settlers on Canadian culture is still evident in the country’s legal systems, languages, and traditions.

3. Post-War Immigration (After World War II)

Following World War II, Canada opened its doors to people fleeing the destruction and chaos in Europe. Large numbers of Italians, Greeks, Germans, and other Europeans immigrated to Canada during this time, contributing to the country’s rapid post-war growth. This wave of immigration was essential in rebuilding the Canadian economy after the war, as immigrants helped fill labor shortages in industries like construction and manufacturing.

During this time, Canada also saw the rise of its multiculturalism policy, as the government recognized the contributions of immigrants to the country’s success. Immigration policy became more inclusive, allowing people from non-European countries to immigrate more easily.

4. Recent Immigration (Late 20th Century to Present)

In recent decades, immigration has become increasingly global. People from Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America have made Canada their home. Today, Canada is one of the most multicultural countries in the world, with over 200 ethnic origins represented in its population. Recent immigrants come from countries such as China, India, the Philippines, Nigeria, and Syria, making Canada’s population more diverse than ever before.

The Canadian government continues to refine its immigration policies to attract skilled workers, entrepreneurs, and refugees. The introduction of programs like Express Entry and the Global Skills Strategy has made it easier for skilled workers to come to Canada and contribute to the country’s economic growth.

Case Studies: Why People Immigrate to Canada

1. Economic Migrant

Amar is a skilled worker from India who moved to Canada to work in the tech industry. After studying computer science in Bangalore, he found that Canada offered better job opportunities than his home country. Through the Express Entry system, Amar was able to secure a job in Toronto, where he now works as a software developer. His skills in artificial intelligence were in high demand, and Canada’s growing tech sector provided him with a chance to advance his career. He also enjoys the benefits of Canada’s healthcare system and plans to eventually sponsor his parents to join him.

Amar’s story is typical of many economic migrants who come to Canada looking for better career prospects. Canada’s tech, healthcare, and engineering sectors rely heavily on skilled workers from abroad.

2. Refugee

Lina and her family fled Syria when the civil war made it unsafe to live there. After living in refugee camps for two years, they were accepted into Canada through a government-sponsored refugee program. Lina and her family now live in Vancouver, where they are rebuilding their lives in safety. Lina's father, a skilled carpenter, has found work in the construction industry, and her younger brother is attending school.

Canada’s refugee resettlement program gave Lina’s family the chance to escape the violence and danger in their home country. With government support and the help of local community organizations, they were able to start a new life in Canada. Lina’s story is one of many examples of how Canada provides a safe haven for those in need.

3. Family Reunification

Carlos, originally from the Philippines, moved to Canada to join his wife, who had already been working in Calgary for several years. Through the family reunification program, Carlos was able to immigrate and reunite with his family. Carlos found work in the healthcare sector, providing support to elderly patients in a long-term care facility. He and his wife are raising their two children, who were born in Canada.

Family reunification is one of the main reasons people immigrate to Canada. Programs that allow families to stay together help build stronger communities, as newcomers can rely on family members for support as they adjust to life in a new country.

4. International Student

Aya is a student from Egypt who came to Canada to study engineering at the University of Toronto. She was attracted to Canada because of its high-quality education system, its multicultural environment, and the opportunities it provides for international students. After completing her studies, Aya plans to apply for permanent residency through the Post-Graduate Work Permit program, which allows international students to work in Canada after graduation. She hopes to stay in Canada and contribute to the engineering field.

Aya’s story reflects the increasing number of international students who come to Canada each year. Many choose to stay and work in Canada after their studies, making valuable contributions to the workforce.

Challenges Immigrants Face in Canada

Although Canada is a welcoming country for immigrants, moving to a new country is not without its challenges. Many immigrants face obstacles as they adjust to life in Canada:

1. Language Barriers
   For immigrants who do not speak English or French fluently, language can be a major hurdle. Learning a new language takes time, and it can be difficult to find work or communicate with others. Many immigrants enroll in language classes to improve their skills, but even then, it can take years to become proficient. This can limit their job opportunities, as many employers require strong language skills.

2. Finding Employment
   Even highly skilled immigrants may struggle to find jobs that match their qualifications. This is often due to a lack of Canadian work experience or the need to re-certify their credentials. For example, doctors, engineers, and lawyers may need to undergo additional training or exams to practice in Canada. This process can be long and costly, making it difficult for immigrants to work in their chosen fields.

3. Cultural Adjustment
   Adjusting to a new culture can be overwhelming. Immigrants may feel isolated or homesick, especially if they are far from family and friends. Learning Canadian customs and social norms takes time and effort. In addition, some immigrants may face discrimination or racism, which can make it harder to feel accepted in their new communities.

4. Navigating the Immigration System
   The process of applying for visas, work permits, or permanent residency can be complex and time-consuming. Immigrants often need to deal with bureaucracy, paperwork, and long wait times. For refugees and asylum seekers, the process can be particularly challenging, as they must navigate legal systems while dealing with the trauma of fleeing dangerous situations.

5. Access to Services
   While Canada offers many social services, immigrants may not always know how to access them. Settlement services, language programs, and healthcare are available, but navigating these systems can be difficult, especially for newcomers who are still adjusting to life in a new country.

Benefits of Immigration to Canada

Immigration brings many benefits to Canada, both economically and culturally. Here are some of the key ways immigrants contribute to Canadian society:

1. Economic Growth
   Immigrants play a crucial role in Canada’s economy by filling labor shortages, starting businesses, and contributing to innovation. Many industries, such as healthcare, technology, and construction, rely on skilled workers from other countries. For example, the tech industry in cities like Toronto and Vancouver has seen significant growth thanks to the contributions of skilled immigrants. Additionally, immigrants are more likely to start businesses than native-born Canadians, which leads to job creation and economic development.

Canada’s aging population means that more workers are needed to support the economy. Immigrants help fill this gap by contributing to the workforce and paying taxes, which support social services like healthcare and education. Without immigration, Canada would face labor shortages that could slow economic growth.

2. Cultural Diversity
   Canada is celebrated for its cultural diversity. Immigrants bring new traditions, languages, foods, and festivals to the country, enriching the lives of all Canadians. Cities like Toronto and Vancouver are known for their diverse populations, where people from all backgrounds live together in harmony. In Toronto, for example, over 140 languages are spoken, making it one of the most multicultural cities in the world.

Cultural diversity also brings new perspectives to Canadian society, fostering innovation and creativity. Immigrants contribute to the arts, music, and cuisine, making Canada a vibrant and dynamic country. Festivals like Toronto’s Caribbean Carnival and Vancouver’s Lunar New Year celebrations highlight the richness of Canada’s cultural diversity.

3. Population Growth
   Immigration is essential for Canada’s population growth, especially as the country faces an aging population. Immigrants help to balance the population and contribute to the workforce, supporting the country’s long-term economic stability. Without immigration, Canada’s population would shrink, leading to a smaller workforce and greater strain on social services.

Population growth also supports urban development. Cities like Toronto, Calgary, and Montreal continue to grow because of immigration, leading to the expansion of infrastructure, housing, and public services.

4. Global Connections
   Immigrants help strengthen Canada’s connections with the rest of the world. As people from different countries come to live in Canada, they create links between their home countries and Canada, fostering trade, diplomacy, and international relations. These global connections are beneficial for Canadian businesses, as they open up new markets and opportunities for trade. Immigrants also bring knowledge of international markets and cultures, which helps Canadian companies succeed in a globalized world.

Immigrants from countries like China, India, and Brazil have helped build strong business and cultural ties between Canada and these nations. By maintaining connections to their home countries, immigrants create a bridge between Canada and the world, enhancing Canada’s global presence.

Conclusion

Immigration is a fundamental part of Canada’s identity. People come to Canada for many reasons—whether they are seeking better economic opportunities, escaping danger, or reuniting with loved ones. While the journey to a new country can be challenging, immigrants play an essential role in shaping Canada’s future.

Without immigration, Canada would not be the vibrant, multicultural country it is today. The contributions of immigrants can be seen in every aspect of Canadian life, from its booming economy to its rich cultural landscape. Immigration is not just a part of Canada’s past, but also a key to its future success.

As you reflect on what you've learned in this lesson, think about this question: How would Canada be different without immigration? This question can help you appreciate the importance of immigration to Canada’s past, present, and future.

Vocabulary

1. Immigration: The process of moving to a new country to live permanently.

2. Emigration: The process of leaving one's home country to move to another.

3. Refugee: A person forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, or natural disasters.

4. Asylum: Protection granted to refugees in another country.

5. Economic Migrant: A person who moves to another country for job opportunities or economic reasons.

6. Multiculturalism: The presence and promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single country.

7. Citizenship: The status of being a legal member of a country, with rights and responsibilities.

8. Temporary Resident: A person living in a country for a specific period of time, such as a student or worker.

9. Push Factors: Conditions that drive people to leave their home countries, such as war or poverty.

10. Pull Factors: Conditions that attract people to a new country, such as job opportunities or political stability.

Multiple-Choice Questions

1. What is a key push factor for immigration?
   a) Job opportunities
   b) Political instability
   c) Family reunification
   d) Education
   Answer: b) Political instability.
   Explanation: Push factors are conditions that drive people away from their home country, such as political instability.

2. Which type of immigration involves seeking safety from persecution?
   a) Economic immigration
   b) Family reunification
   c) Refugee immigration
   d) Temporary immigration
   Answer: c) Refugee immigration.
   Explanation: Refugees leave their countries due to war, persecution, or threats to their safety.

3. What is an example of a pull factor?
   a) War
   b) Unemployment
   c) Better healthcare
   d) Natural disasters
   Answer: c) Better healthcare.
   Explanation: Pull factors are conditions that attract people to a new country, such as access to better healthcare.

4. What type of immigration allows family members to join relatives already in Canada?
   a) Economic immigration
   b) Refugee immigration
   c) Family reunification
   d) Temporary immigration
   Answer: c) Family reunification.
   Explanation: Family reunification allows immigrants to sponsor close relatives to join them in Canada.

5. Which of the following is a challenge immigrants face in Canada?
   a) Multiculturalism
   b) Job opportunities
   c) Language barriers
   d) Government support
   Answer: c) Language barriers.
   Explanation: Language barriers can make it difficult for immigrants to find jobs and communicate with others in their new country.

References

• Government of Canada’s Immigration and Citizenship website: https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship.html

• Canadian Encyclopedia on Immigration History: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en

• Statistics Canada: Recent Immigration Trends: https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/

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